Panchayati Raj in India is a three-tier system of rural local self-governance, which empowers villages and rural communities to govern themselves. It is a cornerstone of democratic decentralization, bringing administration closer to the grassroots.
1. Historical Background
Ancient India: Village assemblies (sabhas) existed in ancient times.
British Period: Panchayats lost their significance.
Post-Independence: The idea of empowering local governance was revived.
Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957) recommended a three-tier system to promote democratic decentralization.
2. Constitutional Status
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
Inserted Part IX in the Constitution (Articles 243 to 243-O).
Added 11th Schedule listing 29 subjects to be devolved to PRIs.
3. Three-Tier Structure
1. Gram Panchayat (Village Level)
Elected body at the base level.
Headed by a Sarpanch
2. Panchayat Samiti (Block Level)
Coordinates work of Gram Panchayats.
Members elected by people and includes MLAs/MPs from the area
3. Zila Parishad (District Level)
Apex body in the district.
Plans and coordinates activities of Panchayat Samitis.
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4. Key Features of the 73rd Amendment
Elections every 5 years.
Reservation for SCs, STs, and at least 33% for women.
State Finance Commissions for financial autonomy.
State Election Commissions for free and fair elections.
5. Functions of Panchayats
Implementation of rural development schemes (like MGNREGA, PMAY).
Maintenance of public assets: roads, water supply, sanitation.
Promotion of health, education, and social welfare.
Revenue collection through taxes, fees, grants.
6. Challenges
Lack of financial autonomy.
Dependence on state governments.
Inadequate training and capacity.
Political interference.
Varying devolution of powers across states.
7. Significance
Promotes participatory democracy.
Encourages local planning and execution.
Brings governance closer to people.
Empowers marginalized groups and women.
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