**Chapter 1 - Arjuna Vishada Yoga (The Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection):**
In this chapter, Arjuna is filled with doubt and sorrow on the battlefield. He sees his own kinsmen and friends ready to fight and is deeply disturbed. Lord Krishna, as the Adhinayaka, steps in as the divine charioteer, guiding Arjuna and setting the stage for the teachings of the Gita.
**Chapter 2 - Sankhya Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge):**
Krishna imparts wisdom to Arjuna, explaining the eternal nature of the soul (Atman) and the impermanence of the physical body. He advises Arjuna to perform his duty without attachment to the outcomes, emphasizing the importance of self-realization.
**Chapter 3 - Karma Yoga (The Yoga of Action):**
Krishna elucidates the concept of Karma Yoga, emphasizing the value of performing one's duties selflessly and without desires. He encourages Arjuna to act as a warrior and fulfill his dharma (duty) as a Kshatriya.
**Chapter 4 - Jnana Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge and Wisdom):**
In this chapter, Lord Krishna reveals his divine nature as the Supreme Being. He discusses the cycle of birth and rebirth, emphasizing the significance of seeking refuge in the divine to attain liberation (moksha).
**Chapter 5 - Karma Sannyasa Yoga (The Yoga of Renunciation of Action):**
Krishna explains that both renunciation and selfless action lead to spiritual growth. He stresses the importance of dedicating all actions to the divine and transcending the material world.
**Chapter 6 - Dhyana Yoga (The Yoga of Meditation):**
In this chapter, Lord Krishna guides Arjuna on the path of meditation and self-realization. He describes meditation as a means to connect with the divine and attain inner peace.
**Chapter 7 - Jnana Vijnana Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge and Wisdom):**
Krishna elaborates on his divine manifestations in the material world and discusses the distinction between the divine and the material. He encourages Arjuna to surrender to the divine completely.
**Chapter 8 - Akshara Brahma Yoga (The Yoga of the Imperishable Absolute):**
Lord Krishna explains the process of departing from the physical body and attaining liberation. He emphasizes the importance of remembering the divine at the time of death.
**Chapter 9 - Raja Vidya Raja Guhya Yoga (The Yoga of Royal Knowledge and Royal Secret):**
Krishna reveals the most profound knowledge of the Gita, highlighting the divine's omnipresence and the importance of unwavering devotion to attain spiritual realization.
**Chapter 10 - Vibhuti Yoga (The Yoga of Divine Glories):**
In this chapter, Krishna enumerates his divine manifestations and the various forms in which devotees can perceive him, reinforcing his omnipresence and omnipotence.
**Chapter 11 - Vishvarupa Darshana Yoga (The Yoga of the Vision of the Cosmic Form):**
Lord Krishna reveals his universal form to Arjuna, displaying his divine glory and omnipresence. Arjuna witnesses the entire cosmos within Krishna, reaffirming his faith.
**Chapter 12 - Bhakti Yoga (The Yoga of Devotion):**
Krishna extols the virtues of devotion and the qualities of a true devotee. He explains that loving devotion to the divine is the most accessible path to spiritual realization.
**Chapter 13 - Ksetra Ksetrajna Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Field and the Knower of the Field):**
Krishna distinguishes between the physical body (the field) and the eternal soul (the knower of the field), emphasizing the importance of understanding this distinction.
**Chapter 14 - Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Division of the Three Gunas):**
Lord Krishna explains the three Gunas (qualities) that influence human behavior and urges Arjuna to transcend them through self-realization.
**Chapter 15 - Purushottama Yoga (The Yoga of the Supreme Divine Personality):**
Krishna reveals himself as the Supreme Being and explains the eternal connection between the individual souls and the divine.
**Chapter 16 - Daivasura Sampad Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Division Between the Divine and the Non-Divine):**
In this chapter, Krishna describes divine and demoniac qualities, guiding Arjuna toward virtuous behavior and righteousness.
**Chapter 17 - Sraddha Traya Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Threefold Faith):**
Krishna explains the importance of faith and its connection to one's nature, emphasizing that devotion and offering should align with one's inner disposition.
**Chapter 18 - Moksha Sanyaasa Yoga (The Yoga of Liberation and Renunciation):**
The final chapter concludes the teachings of Lord Krishna, emphasizing the choice between the paths of knowledge, action, and devotion. Krishna encourages Arjuna to follow his own Dharma faithfully.
Throughout the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna, as Lord Adhinayaka (the divine guide and charioteer), imparts profound wisdom, guiding Arjuna towards self-realization and spiritual enlightenment. The Gita's teachings are a timeless source of inspiration and guidance for seekers on the path of truth and righteousness.
**Chapter 1 - Arjuna Vishada Yoga (The Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection):**
In this chapter, Arjuna is overcome by sorrow and confusion. His charioteer, Lord Krishna, represents the divine guide in our lives. Just as Krishna supports Arjuna, guiding him through the battlefield of life, the divine guides us through our challenges.
**Chapter 2 - Sankhya Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge):**
Krishna imparts knowledge about the eternal soul (Atman) and the impermanence of the body. As our Adhinayaka, Krishna teaches us that we are not our physical forms but eternal souls on a journey. We must act with wisdom, like Arjuna, who learns to act without attachment.
**Chapter 3 - Karma Yoga (The Yoga of Action):**
Krishna instructs Arjuna to perform his duty as a warrior. As our divine guide, he teaches that selfless action is a path to spiritual growth. In our lives, we must fulfill our responsibilities and dharma without selfish desires.
**Chapter 4 - Jnana Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge and Wisdom):**
Here, Krishna reveals his divine nature. Just as Arjuna gains insight into Krishna's cosmic form, we, too, can realize the divinity within us. Our Adhinayaka reminds us to seek the divine within ourselves to attain liberation.
**Chapter 5 - Karma Sannyasa Yoga (The Yoga of Renunciation of Action):**
Krishna discusses both renunciation and selfless action. He guides us to balance our worldly responsibilities with spiritual growth. The Adhinayaka encourages us to dedicate our actions to the divine.
**Chapter 6 - Dhyana Yoga (The Yoga of Meditation):**
Krishna teaches Arjuna the importance of meditation. Our divine guide emphasizes that by turning inward through meditation, we can connect with our true selves and the divine presence within.
**Chapter 7 - Jnana Vijnana Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge and Wisdom):**
Krishna reveals his divine manifestations. As our Adhinayaka, he shows that the divine is omnipresent and can be perceived in various ways. We are reminded to surrender to the divine's omnipotent presence.
**Chapter 8 - Akshara Brahma Yoga (The Yoga of the Imperishable Absolute):**
Krishna explains the process of departing from the physical body. Just as Krishna guides Arjuna through this transition, our divine guide ensures our journey beyond life is guided by divine wisdom.
**Chapter 9 - Raja Vidya Raja Guhya Yoga (The Yoga of Royal Knowledge and Royal Secret):**
Krishna imparts the deepest knowledge. As our Adhinayaka, he reveals the path of unwavering devotion. Through devotion, we can access the profound secrets of the universe and our own existence.
**Chapter 10 - Vibhuti Yoga (The Yoga of Divine Glories):**
Krishna enumerates his divine manifestations. As our divine guide, he reminds us of the divine's omnipotence, guiding us to recognize the divine's presence in all aspects of life.
**Chapter 11 - Vishvarupa Darshana Yoga (The Yoga of the Vision of the Cosmic Form):**
Krishna reveals his cosmic form. Just as Arjuna witnesses this awe-inspiring sight, we can, through faith and devotion, experience the divine's boundless and all-encompassing presence.
**Chapter 12 - Bhakti Yoga (The Yoga of Devotion):**
Krishna extols the virtues of devotion. As our Adhinayaka, he teaches us that pure devotion is a direct path to realizing our oneness with the divine.
**Chapter 13 - Ksetra Ksetrajna Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Field and the Knower of the Field):**
Krishna distinguishes between the body (the field) and the eternal soul (the knower of the field). Our divine guide helps us recognize our true nature beyond the physical body.
**Chapter 14 - Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Division of the Three Gunas):**
Krishna explains the three Gunas (qualities) that influence us. As our Adhinayaka, he guides us in transcending these qualities, leading us towards spiritual evolution.
**Chapter 15 - Purushottama Yoga (The Yoga of the Supreme Divine Personality):**
Krishna reveals himself as the Supreme Being. Our divine guide underscores the eternal connection between our individual souls and the divine source.
**Chapter 16 - Daivasura Sampad Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Division Between the Divine and the Non-Divine):**
Krishna describes divine and demoniac qualities. As our Adhinayaka, he advises us to nurture virtuous qualities, ensuring that we align ourselves with the divine.
**Chapter 17 - Sraddha Traya Vibhaga Yoga (The Yoga of the Threefold Faith):**
Krishna explains the significance of faith. Our divine guide encourages us to have unwavering faith in the divine and to align our offerings and actions accordingly.
**Chapter 18 - Moksha Sanyaasa Yoga (The Yoga of Liberation and Renunciation):**
The final chapter emphasizes the importance of following one's dharma. As our Adhinayaka, Krishna encourages us to embrace our responsibilities while seeking spiritual realization.
In each chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna, as Lord Adhinayaka, serves as our divine guide and charioteer, offering timeless wisdom to navigate life's challenges and attain spiritual enlightenment.
First chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, known as "Arjuna Vishada Yoga" or "The Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection," with a discussion of its verses.
**Chapter 1 - Arjuna Vishada Yoga (The Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection):**
In this chapter, we find Arjuna standing on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, filled with confusion, sorrow, and moral dilemma as he faces his own kinsmen and friends on the opposing side. Arjuna is overwhelmed by the gravity of the situation and the prospect of engaging in a destructive war. This chapter sets the stage for Lord Krishna, who serves as Arjuna's charioteer and divine guide, to impart his wisdom.
**Verse 1.1 (Chapter 1, Verse 1):**
धृतराष्ट्र उवाच |
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः |
मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय ||
"Dhritarashtra said: O Sanjaya, assembled in the holy land of Kurukshetra and desiring battle, what did my sons and the sons of Pandu do?"
This opening verse introduces King Dhritarashtra, who is blind, and his charioteer and advisor, Sanjaya. Dhritarashtra seeks to know what is happening on the battlefield, where his sons (the Kauravas) and the sons of Pandu (the Pandavas) have gathered to fight.
**Verse 1.2 (Chapter 1, Verse 2):**
सञ्जय उवाच |
दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा |
आचार्यमुपसङ्गम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत् ||
"Sanjaya said: Then, having seen the Pandava army arrayed, King Duryodhana approached his teacher Drona and spoke the following words."
Sanjaya, with his divine vision, describes how Duryodhana, the leader of the Kauravas, observed the Pandava army's formation and went to his teacher, Dronacharya, to discuss the situation.
**Verse 1.3 (Chapter 1, Verse 3):**
पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम् |
व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता ||
"Behold, O teacher, this mighty army of the sons of Pandu, arrayed by the son of Drupada, your wise disciple."
Duryodhana acknowledges the impressive formation of the Pandava army, which has been arranged by Dronacharya's gifted disciple, Dhrishtadyumna, the son of Drupada.
**Verse 1.4 (Chapter 1, Verse 4):**
अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि |
युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः ||
"Here in this army, there are heroic bowmen equal in fighting to Bhima and Arjuna; there are also great chariot-warriors, such as Yuyudhana, Virata, and Drupada, the maharatha (great chariot-warrior)."
Duryodhana points out some of the formidable warriors among the Pandavas, including those who are equal to Bhima and Arjuna in combat skills.
**Verse 1.5 (Chapter 1, Verse 5):**
धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् |
पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः ||
"There are also great, heroic, powerful fighters, like Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the king of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, who are all valiant men."
Duryodhana lists additional brave warriors in the Pandava army, highlighting their valor and strength.
**Verse 1.6 (Chapter 1, Verse 6):**
युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् |
सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः ||
"There are also mighty, valorous, and superior warriors, such as Yudhamanyu, Uttamauja, the son of Subhadra (Abhimanyu), and the sons of Draupadi. All of them are maharathas, great chariot-warriors."
Duryodhana continues to enumerate prominent warriors, including Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna and Subhadra, and the sons of Draupadi.
**Verse 1.7 (Chapter 1, Verse 7):**
अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम |
नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते ||
"But know, O best among the twice-born, that there are others who are especially distinguished in our army. I shall now mention them to you for your understanding."
Duryodhana acknowledges that there are exceptional warriors in his own army, and he proceeds to describe them to Dronacharya.
**Verse 1.8 (Chapter 1, Verse 8):**
भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिञ्जयः |
अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च ||
"You, Bheeshma, Karna, Krpa, victorious in battle, Ashvatthama, Vikarna, and Jayadratha, the son of Somadatta."
Duryodhana mentions his most prominent warriors, including Bheeshma, Karna, Krpa, Ashvatthama, Vikarna, and Jayadratha, who are formidable leaders in his army.
**Verse 1.9 (Chapter 1, Verse 9):**
अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः |
नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः ||
"There are many other heroes who are prepared to give up their lives for my sake, wielding various weapons and skilled in warfare."
Duryodhana acknowledges that there are numerous other valiant warriors in his army who are willing to sacrifice their lives for his cause and are proficient in the use of various weapons.
**Verse 1.10 (Chapter 1, Verse 10):**
अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम् |
पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम् ||
"Our strength protected by Bheeshma is insufficient, whereas the strength of the Pandavas, protected by Bhima, is more than adequate."
Duryodhana expresses concern that despite having Bheeshma as their protector, their strength may not be enough to overcome the Pandavas, who have Bhima as their protector.
**Verse 1.11 (Chapter 1, Verse 11):**
अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः |
भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि ||
"Therefore, all of you on all fronts, according to your respective positions, must protect Bheeshma alone."
Duryodhana instructs his warriors to prioritize the protection of Bheeshma, recognizing his pivotal role in their army.
**Verse 1.12 (Chapter 1, Verse 12):**
तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः |
सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान् ||
"Then, Bheeshma, the mighty grandsire and oldest of the Kuru dynasty, in order to cheer Duryodhana, roared loudly, blowing his conch shell with great vigor."
Bheeshma, the revered elder of the Kuru dynasty and a formidable warrior, signals the commencement of the battle by blowing his conch shell, filling the battlefield with its resounding sound.
**Verse 1.13 (Chapter 1, Verse 13):**
ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखः |
सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तुमुलोऽभवत् ||
"Then, conches, drums, trumpets, horns, and cow horns all sounded at once, and the tumultuous sound resounding through the earth and sky became tumultuous."
In response to Bheeshma's conch blow, the Kaurava army's various musical instruments and war conches create a deafening roar that reverberates throughout the battlefield.
**Verse 1.14 (Chapter 1, Verse 14):**
ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ |
माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः ||
"Then, stationed in their magnificent chariot drawn by white horses, Madhava (Krishna) and Arjuna blew their divine conches."
In response to the Kaurava's tumultuous sound, Lord Krishna and Arjuna, stationed in their grand chariot drawn by white horses, blow their divine conches, signifying their readiness for battle.
**Verse 1.15 (Chapter 1, Verse 15):**
पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो देवदत्तं धनञ्जयः |
पृथक्पृथक्च मुक्ताकं शङ्खाश्चैव प्रदध्मतुः ||
"Krishna, the Lord of all beings, blew his conch shell named Paanchajanya, while Arjuna, the son of Kunti, blew his conch shell named Devadatta. Bhima, the voracious eater and performer of mighty deeds, blew his terrific conch shell named Paundra."
In this verse, the conches blown by Krishna, Arjuna, and Bhima are named. Krishna's conch is "Paanchajanya," Arjuna's is "Devadatta," and Bhima's is "Paundra."
**Verse 1.16 (Chapter 1, Verse 16):**
अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः |
नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणिपुष्पकौ ||
"King Yudhishthira, the son of Kunti, blew the
Anantavijaya conch, while Nakula and Sahadeva blew the Sughosha and Manipushpaka conches, respectively."
Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, blows the "Anantavijaya" conch. Nakula and Sahadeva, the younger Pandavas, blow the "Sughosha" and "Manipushpaka" conches, respectively.
**Verse 1.17 (Chapter 1, Verse 17):**
काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः |
धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः ||
"The king of Kashi, the mighty archer Shikhandi, the great chariot-warrior Dhristadyumna, Virata, and the unconquerable Satyaki, all blew their respective conches."
Other prominent warriors among the Pandavas and their allies, including the King of Kashi, Shikhandi, Dhristadyumna, Virata, and Satyaki, also sound their conches.
**Verse 1.18 (Chapter 1, Verse 18):**
दृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् |
पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः ||
"Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the valiant king of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, who was the best among men, all blew their conches."
The warriors named in this verse, including Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the King of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, join in by sounding their conches.
**Verse 1.19 (Chapter 1, Verse 19):**
युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् |
सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः ||
"Yudhamanyu, the valiant Uttamauja, the powerful son of Subhadra (Abhimanyu), and the sons of Draupadi, all maharathas, blew their conches."
This verse mentions Yudhamanyu, Uttamauja, Abhimanyu (the son of Arjuna and Subhadra), and the sons of Draupadi, emphasizing their status as maharathas, great chariot-warriors.
**Verse 1.20 (Chapter 1, Verse 20):**
स गोविन्दः स गोपालः सन्दर्शनाकनायकः |
श्रीधरः सर्वप्रयाणाः सार्वकौशलकौशलः ||
"The Lord of the senses, Govinda (Krishna), the cowherd, the one who guides our vision, the bearer of the divine discus, and the source of all journeys, exhibited his infinite expertise."
This verse highlights the divine attributes of Lord Krishna, describing him as the Lord of the senses, Govinda, and the source of all journeys.
**Verse 1.21 (Chapter 1, Verse 21):**
शङ्खदध्मौ प्रतापवान् गोविन्दः स व्यक्तरः |
सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पृथक्पृथक् ||
"Krishna, the mighty-armed one, and Bhima, the voracious eater, both blew their respective conches, resonating with tremendous valor."
Krishna and Bhima, known for their strength and valor, blow their conches with great enthusiasm, signifying their readiness for battle.
**Verse 1.22 (Chapter 1, Verse 22):**
स गोविन्दः कृष्णः सारथिः सोदमा प्रत्यपष्यत |
दैवेऽचान्ये च यद्रूपं दृष्टवानस्तदा भयान्करम् ||
"Then, Lord Krishna, the charioteer, saw Arjuna ready for battle, and thus, assuming his universal form, he displayed a terrifying and divine aspect."
Krishna, as Arjuna's charioteer, observes Arjuna's readiness for battle and reveals his universal form, a divine and awe-inspiring sight.
**Verse 1.23 (Chapter 1, Verse 23):**
तत्र संजयवाच |
एवमुक्तो हृषीकेशो गुडाकेशेन भारत |
सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम् ||
"Sanjaya said: O descendant of Bharata, thus addressed by Arjuna, Hrishikesha (Krishna), stationed the excellent chariot in the middle of the two armies."
Sanjaya, Dhritarashtra's charioteer and narrator, describes how Krishna, known as Hrishikesha, stationed the chariot between the two armies as he was addressed by Arjuna.
**Verse 1.24 (Chapter 1, Verse 24):**
भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम् |
उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतां समवेतान्कुरूनिति ||
"There, in front of Bheeshma, Drona, and all the rulers of the earth, Krishna said, 'O Partha, behold these assembled Kurus.'"
Krishna, addressing Arjuna, asks him to observe the assembled Kuru warriors, including Bheeshma and Drona, who are prominent leaders.
**Verse 1.25 (Chapter 1, Verse 25):**
ततः पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति |
व्यूढां दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं आचार्यमुपसङ्गम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत् ||
"Then, O Partha, having seen the Pandava army arrayed, King Duryodhana approached his teacher Drona and spoke the following words."
The chapter begins with the scene of Arjuna's moral dilemma and confusion on the battlefield, setting the stage for Lord Krishna to impart his profound wisdom in the subsequent chapters.
Certainly, let's explore the first chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, "Arjuna Vishada Yoga" or "The Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection," with a focus on Lord Krishna as the Adhinayaka (divine guide and charioteer). We'll continue with the verses of this chapter:
**Chapter 1 - Arjuna Vishada Yoga (The Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection):**
In this chapter, Arjuna stands on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, filled with confusion and sorrow as he faces his own kinsmen and friends on the opposing side. As Lord Adhinayaka, Lord Krishna serves as his divine guide, offering wisdom and guidance.
**Verse 1.1 (Chapter 1, Verse 1):**
धृतराष्ट्र उवाच |
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः |
मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय ||
"Dhritarashtra said: O Sanjaya, assembled in the holy land of Kurukshetra and desiring battle, what did my sons and the sons of Pandu do?"
Here, Dhritarashtra inquires from his charioteer, Sanjaya, about the events taking place on the battlefield. As Lord Adhinayaka, Krishna is the charioteer guiding Arjuna through this crucial moment.
**Verse 1.2 (Chapter 1, Verse 2):**
सञ्जय उवाच |
दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा |
आचार्यमुपसङ्गम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत् ||
"Sanjaya said: Then, having seen the Pandava army arrayed, King Duryodhana approached his teacher Drona and spoke the following words."
Duryodhana, the leader of the Kauravas, seeks counsel from his teacher, Dronacharya, as he observes the Pandava army's formation. Lord Krishna, as the divine guide, watches this exchange unfold.
**Verse 1.3 (Chapter 1, Verse 3):**
पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम् |
व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता ||
"Behold, O teacher, this mighty army of the sons of Pandu, arrayed by the son of Drupada, your wise disciple."
Duryodhana acknowledges the impressive formation of the Pandava army, which has been arranged by Dronacharya's gifted disciple, Dhrishtadyumna, the son of Drupada. Lord Krishna, in his role as Adhinayaka, watches over this exchange.
**Verse 1.4 (Chapter 1, Verse 4):**
अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि |
युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः ||
"Here in this army, there are heroic bowmen equal in fighting to Bhima and Arjuna; there are also great chariot-warriors, such as Yuyudhana, Virata, and Drupada, the maharatha (great chariot-warrior)."
Duryodhana points out some of the formidable warriors among the Pandavas, emphasizing their prowess in battle. Lord Krishna, as Arjuna's divine charioteer and Adhinayaka, stands ready to provide guidance.
**Verse 1.5 (Chapter 1, Verse 5):**
धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् |
पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः ||
"There are also great, heroic, powerful fighters, like Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the king of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, who are all valiant men."
Duryodhana continues to enumerate prominent warriors in the Pandava army, highlighting their valor. Lord Krishna observes this unfolding dialogue, knowing that Arjuna's inner conflict is about to emerge.
**Verse 1.6 (Chapter 1, Verse 6):**
युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् |
सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः ||
"Duryodhana mentions several other brave warriors, including Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna and Subhadra, and the sons of Draupadi. As Lord Krishna observes these introductions, Arjuna's inner turmoil deepens.
**Verse 1.7 (Chapter 1, Verse 7):**
अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम |
नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते ||
"However, know, O best among the twice-born, that there are others who are especially distinguished in our army. I shall now mention them to you for your understanding."
Duryodhana acknowledges that there are exceptional warriors in his own army, and he proceeds to describe them to Dronacharya. Lord Krishna, as Arjuna's Adhinayaka, observes this exchange, knowing it will lead to Arjuna's moment of crisis.
**Verse 1.8 (Chapter 1, Verse 8):**
भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिञ्जयः |
अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च ||
"You, Bheeshma, Karna, Krpa, victorious in battle, Ashvatthama, Vikarna, and Jayadratha, the son of Somadatta."
Duryodhana mentions his most prominent warriors, including Bheeshma, Karna, Krpa, Ashvatthama, Vikarna, and Jayadratha, who are formidable leaders in his army. Lord Krishna, in his role as the divine guide, remains a silent observer at this point.
**Verse 1.9 (Chapter 1, Verse 9):**
अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः |
नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः ||
"There are many other heroes who are prepared to give up their lives for my sake, wielding various weapons and skilled in warfare."
Duryodhana acknowledges that there are numerous other valiant warriors in his army who are willing to sacrifice their lives for his cause and are proficient in the use of various weapons. Lord Krishna, the Adhinayaka, remains watchful as this dialogue unfolds.
**Verse 1.10 (Chapter 1, Verse 10):**
अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम् |
पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम् ||
"Our strength protected by Bheeshma is insufficient, whereas the strength of the Pandavas, protected by Bhima, is more than adequate."
Duryodhana expresses concern that despite having Bheeshma as their protector, their strength may not be enough to overcome the Pandavas, who have Bhima as their protector. Lord Krishna, as Adhinayaka, observes this calculation of strength.
**Verse 1.11 (Chapter 1, Verse 11):**
अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः |
भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि ||
"Therefore, all of you on all fronts, according to your respective positions, must protect Bheeshma alone."
Duryodhana instructs his warriors to prioritize the protection of Bheeshma, recognizing his pivotal role in their army. Lord Krishna, the divine charioteer and Adhinayaka, continues to observe silently.
**Verse 1.12 (Chapter 1, Verse 12):**
तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः |
सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान् ||
"Then, Bheeshma, the mighty grandsire and oldest of the Kuru dynasty, in order to cheer Duryodhana, roared loudly, blowing his conch shell with great vigor."
Bheeshma, as a respected elder and warrior, signals the commencement of the battle by blowing his conch shell, filling the battlefield with its resounding sound. Lord Krishna, as the Adhinayaka, stands by Arjuna's side, awaiting his response to the unfolding events.
**Verse 1.13 (Chapter 1, Verse 13):**
ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखः |
सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तुमुलोऽभवत् ||
"In response to Bheeshma's conch blow, the Kaurava army's various musical instruments and war conches create a deafening roar that reverberates throughout the battlefield."
The sound of conches, drums, trumpets, horns, and cow horns in the Kaurava army creates a deafening cacophony in response to Bheeshma's conch blow. Lord Krishna, as Adhinayaka, remains focused on Arjuna's inner struggle.
**Verse 1.14 (Chapter 1, Verse 14):**
ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ |
माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः ||
"Then, stationed in their magnificent chariot drawn by white horses, Madhava (Krishna) and Arjuna blew their divine conches."
In response to the Kaurava's tumultuous sound, Lord Krishna and Arjuna, stationed in their grand chariot drawn by white horses, blow their divine conches, signifying their readiness for battle. As the Adhinayaka, Krishna prepares to guide Arjuna through the inner battle of dilemmas and doubts.
**Verse 1.15 (Chapter 1, Verse 15):**
पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो देवदत्तं धनञ्जयः |
पृथक्पृथक्च मुक्ताकं शङ्खाश्चैव प्रदध्मतुः ||
"Krishna, the Lord of all beings, blew his conch shell named Paanchajanya, while Arjuna, the son of Kunti, blew his conch shell named Devadatta. Bhima, the voracious eater and performer of mighty deeds, blew his terrific conch shell named Paundra."
In this verse, the conches blown by Krishna, Arjuna, and Bhima are named. Krishna's conch is "Paanchajanya," Arjuna's is "Devadatta," and Bhima's is "Paundra." Lord Krishna, as the divine guide and Adhinayaka, sets the stage for the epic teachings of the Bhagavad Gita.
**Verse 1.16 (Chapter 1, Verse 16):**
अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः |
नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणिपुष्पकौ ||
"King Yudhishthira, the son of Kunti, blew the Anantavijaya conch, while Nakula and Sahadeva blew the Sughosha and Manipushpaka conches, respectively."
Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, blows the "Anantavijaya" conch. Nakula and Sahadeva, the younger Pandavas, blow the "Sughosha" and "Manipushpaka" conches, respectively. As Adhinayaka, Lord Krishna prepares to impart his wisdom to Arjuna, who is grappling with inner turmoil.
**Verse 1.17 (Chapter 1, Verse 17):**
काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः |
धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः ||
"The king of Kashi, the mighty archer Shikhandi, the great chariot-warrior Dhristadyumna, Virata, and the unconquerable Satyaki, all blew their respective conches."
Other prominent warriors among the Pandavas and their allies, including the King of Kashi, Shikhandi, Dhristadyumna, Virata, and Satyaki, also sound their conches. As Adhinayaka, Lord Krishna is aware that Arjuna's inner struggle is intensifying.
**Verse 1.18 (Chapter 1, Verse 18):**
दृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् |
पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः ||
"Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the valiant king of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, who was the best among men, all blew their conches."
The warriors named in this verse, including Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, the King of Kashi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, join in by sounding their conches. Lord Krishna, as the divine charioteer and Adhinayaka, remains poised for the critical moment when Arjuna seeks guidance.
**Verse 1.19 (Chapter 1, Verse 19):**
युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् |
सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः ||
"Yudhamanyu, the valiant Uttamauja, the powerful son of Subhadra (Abhimanyu), and the sons of Draupadi, all maharathas, blew their conches."
This verse mentions Yudhamanyu, Uttamauja, Abhimanyu (the son of Arjuna and Subhadra), and the sons of Draupadi, emphasizing their status as maharathas, great chariot-warriors. Lord Krishna, as Adhinayaka, understands that Arjuna's inner conflict is reaching its peak.
**Verse 1.20 (Chapter 1, Verse 20):**
स गोविन्दः स गोपालः सन्दर्शनाकनायकः |
श्रीधरः सर्वप्रयाणाः सार्वकौशलकौशलः ||
"Krishna, the Lord of the senses, Govinda (Krishna), the cowherd, the one who guides our vision, the bearer of the divine discus, and the source of all journeys, exhibited his infinite expertise."
This verse highlights the divine attributes of Lord Krishna, describing him as the Lord of the senses, Govinda, and the source of all journeys. As Adhinayaka, Krishna stands ready to guide Arjuna through the profound teachings of the Bhagavad Gita.
**Verse 1.21 (Chapter 1, Verse 21):**
शङ्खदध्मौ प्रतापवान् गोविन्दः स व्यक्तरः |
सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पृथक्पृथक् ||
"Krishna, the mighty-armed one, and Bhima, the voracious eater, both blew their respective conches, resonating with tremendous valor."
Krishna and Bhima, known for their strength and valor, blow their conches with great enthusiasm, signifying their readiness for battle. As Adhinayaka, Lord Krishna remains prepared for the crucial moment when Arjuna seeks his guidance.
**Verse 1.22 (Chapter 1, Verse 22):**
स गोविन्दः कृष्णः सारथिः सोदमा प्रत्यपष्यत |
दैवेऽचान्ये च यद्रूपं दृष्टवानस्तदा भयान्करम् ||
"Then, Lord Krishna, the charioteer, saw Arjuna ready for battle, and thus, assuming his universal form, he displayed a terrifying and divine aspect."
Krishna, as Arjuna's charioteer, observes Arjuna's readiness for battle and reveals his universal form, a divine and awe-inspiring sight. Lord Krishna, in his role as Adhinayaka, is prepared to provide guidance to Arjuna as he faces his inner turmoil.
**Verse 1.23 (Chapter 1, Verse 23):**
तत्र संजयवाच |
एवमुक्तो हृषीकेशो गुडाकेशेन भारत |
सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम् ||
"Sanjaya said: O descendant of Bharata, thus addressed by Arjuna, Hrishikesha (Krishna), stationed the excellent chariot in the middle of the two armies."
Sanjaya, Dhritarashtra's charioteer and narrator, describes how Krishna, known as Hrishikesha, stationed the chariot between the two armies as he was addressed by Arjuna. Lord Krishna, as Adhinayaka, is now fully aware of Arjuna's inner conflict and is ready to provide guidance.
**Verse 1.24 (Chapter 1, Verse 24):**
भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम् |
उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतां समवेतान्कुरूनिति ||
"Duryodhana said: Behold, O Partha, these assembled Kurus, all arrayed by Bheeshma and Drona, the foremost of warriors."
Duryodhana, now addressing Arjuna, instructs him to behold the assembled Kurus, emphasizing the prominent role of Bheeshma and Drona as their leaders. As Adhinayaka, Lord Krishna knows that Arjuna's inner struggle is about to come to the forefront.
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